Role of Silicosis in Silica-associated Lung Cancer

Role of Silicosis in Silica-associated Lung Cancer Background Crystalline silica is a mineral compound composed of silicon and oxygen atoms that are arranged in a repeating pattern. Common polymorphs of crystalline silica include quartz, cristobalite and tridymite, with quartz as the most common form. Human exposure to crystalline silica is most often from occupational tasks that involve disturbance, use or manufacture of quartz-containing materials, including stonecutting, mining, quarrying and ceramics.[i],[ii] In 1997, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded there was sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity in humans with occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica in the quartz or cristobalite form.[iii] The 1997 IARC Monograph noted the greater part of epidemiologic studies reported the presence of silicosis (referring to the chronic or also known as classic type), a fibrotic disease of the lung that is associated with high exposure to respirable crystalline silica dust, increases excess lung cancer risk among workers exposed to silica. However, it remains unclear whether lung cancer development among these workers is due to the presence of silicosis or due to exposure to significant silica levels with silicosis being a confounder rather than a prerequisite. A recent literature review of relevant epidemiological studies confirmed that there remains uncertainty about excess lung cancer risk exclusively among silicotic workers due to the shortcomings of the design of existing epidemiological studies, including the inaccurate measurement of silica exposure, inadequate characterization of the exposure-response relationship between crystalline silica and lung cancer, inadequate control for potential confounders such as known lung cancer risk factors and the presence of other carcinogenic agents in the workplace, and the absence of comparing the lung cancer risk between silicotics and non-silicotic (do not have silicosis) workers as controls. The proposed research study attempts to clari fy the role of silicosis in silica-associated lung cancer development by addressing some of the identified study design challenges. Significance Determining if silicosis is a prerequisite for lung cancer development has important public health implications for setting occupational standard for silica exposure, implementing workplace medical surveillance programs and determining causation in medico-legal cases. For example, if it is determined that lung cancer risk increases among workers exposed to silica only in the presence of silicosis, then efforts should be focused on reducing high silica exposure to a level that reduces the risk of developing silicosis. However, if it is determined that silicosis is not a prerequisite, then lung cancer development can occur at silica exposures lower than those likely to cause silicosis, which makes prevention of exposure to high silica levels not adequate for worker protection. Specific Aims To better understand the role of silicosis in the pathway leading to lung cancer from occupational exposure to silica, the specific aims of the study are: To examine the association between occupational exposure to crystalline silica and lung cancer risk in the presence and absence of silicosis and To measure the exposure-response relationship between crystalline silica and lung cancer risk with risk estimates adjusted by silicosis Procedures/Methods Study Design and Population A nested case-control study design will be utilized to analyze the association between occupational exposure to crystalline silica and lung cancer risk among silicotic and non-silicotic workers from an original cohort mortality study. The original study was conducted among workers from the Vermont granite industry.[iv] They were identified from a group insurance program enrollment between January 1st, 1947 and December 31st, 1998, Vermont Department of Health Division of Industrial Hygiene (DIH) records, pension records, data from a study of workers employed from 1979 to 1987 and data from a study of retired workers.iv The data from the multiple sources were linked to avoid duplications. As a result, the cohort consisted of 7052 Vermont granite industry workers. The mortality follow-up of the cohort identified 359 observed lung cancer deaths. iv Age at death, smoking history and silica dust exposure, medical history of obstructive lung disease and demographics will be compared betwee n the cases and controls. Workers that did not have sufficient smoking information, work histories and available chest radiographs were excluded. The exposure of interest will be the cumulative exposure to silica dust. The study population is unique in that the Vermont granite industry has a long history of silica exposure, medical surveillance and a general exclusion of occupational exposures associated with lung cancer. Case Ascertainment Lung cancer cases will be ascertained from the original Vermont granite industry cohort study. The vital status and cause of data was ascertained from the US National Death Index (NDI), US Social Security Administration vital status records and the Vermont State Records Office. The cause of death was coded to the 9th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9). Control Ascertainment Controls will also be ascertained from the original cohort study. The controls are defined as workers who did not die from lung cancer. Lung cancer cases will be matched to 2 controls by age. Silicosis Ascertainment The presence of silicosis among the cases and controls would be obtained from compensation and medical surveillance records. Silica Exposure Measurement Cumulative exposure to respirable crystalline silica was measured using a job exposure matrix that utilized industrial hygiene measurements. The cumulative exposures are categorized in quartiles. Sample Size Justification According to the sample size calculator (http://www.surveysystem.com/sscalc.htm), it is estimated that this study would need approximately 360 subjects are required in the study to obtain the confidence level of 95% with an interval of 5%, if we are selecting subjects from the 7052 Vermont granite industry workers cohort. We will strive to obtain 90 cases and 180 controls, based on the availability of sufficient smoking information, work histories and chest radiographs. Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis will be performed to calculate odds ratios to examine the association between lung cancer and total and each quartile of cumulative silica exposure in the presence and absence of silicosis. Odds ratios will be adjusted for smoking, obstructive lung disease and age as they are potential confounders. Odds ratios will be calculated with 95% confidence intervals. Study Strengths Strengths of the proposed study include: comparing the association of silica exposure and lung cancer in both silicotic and non-silicotic workers measuring the exposure-response relationship between silica and lung cancer risk, taking into account the presence and absence silicosis controlling for potential confounders of smoking and obstructive lung disease excluding potential confounders of other occupational exposures associated with lung cancer by studying the granite industry cohort conducting a nested case-control study is less expensive than a full cohort study since a comparably significant number of lung cancer cases have emerged Study Limitations Potential biases and study limitations are: Selection bias is a concern as silicotic workers are identified from compensation and medical surveillance records Silicotic workers may be diagnosed by different criteria, but resulting in non-differential misclassification Differential misclassification may result from categorizing the silica exposure in quartiles Silica exposure assessment may not be accurate if the job exposure matrix is methodologically sound Only studied one type of industry associated with silica exposure Non-diseased persons from whom the controls are selected may not be fully representative of the original cohort due to loss to follow-up or death References [i] International Labour Organization (ILO)/SafeWork Bookshelf (2006). ILO Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety: Volume 1, Part I. Body: Chapter 10 Silicosis. Available at http://www.ilo.org/safework_bookshelf/english?dnd=170000102nh=0. [ii] Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (2002). OSHA Fact Sheet: Crystalline Silica Exposure Health Hazard Information [Electronic Version]. Available at http://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_General_Facts/crystalline-factsheet.pdf [iii] WHO/IARC (1997). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Silica, Some Silicates, Coal Dust and para-Aramid Fibrils [Electronic Version]. Volume 68; available at http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol68/mono68.pdf. [iv] Vacek PM, Verma DK, Graham WG, Callas PW, Gibbs GW (2010). Mortality in Vermont granite workers and its association with silica exposure. Occup Environ Med, 68(5), 312-318.

Importance of Technology

My transcripts †¢ Transcript 1= luv u 4 ever 🙂 †¢ Transcript 2= u r 2 sweet 2 b 4got10 can u cum c me face2face †¢ Transcript 3= I h8 u!!! †¢ Transcript 4= Jake ur bag is pukka †¢ Transcript 5=iv been chatin with my penpal all day †¢ Transcript 6= how ya doin! †¢ Transcript 7=Jake-â€Å"r ur headphones good† Demal-â€Å"yh their awesome FYI they where only $5. 99 Ali Nasir10BMR. Wotson Introduction †¢ One of the forms of multimodal talk is texting †¢ Texting has captivated a whole generation of young people †¢ Texting has become universal, it is practiced all over the world †¢ Texting is done from mobile to mobile, by sending the text to the mobile number. It can also be sent to many at the same time †¢ Texting is thought to be mostly used by the young people and teenagers †¢ The older generations feel that texting has taken the ability of writing and correct spelling to zero, they deplore what texting has done to the English language †¢ Texting is also done as a means of advertising †¢ Large companies text to anyone they can †¢ Doctor surgeries and even schools like the one I study at also use texting to inform patients and parents relative information. †¢ The language of texting has advanced so much since it had started †¢ There are so many ways to text to each otherParagraph 1 †¢ People have found innovative ways of texting with using rebus abbreviation, this is where a name or a word is represented by a picture or pictures suggesting its syllables †¢ They are like puzzles †¢ Punctuation marks and brackets are used to show emotions. We can see this in transcript 1. 🙂 seen upright they mean nothing but look at them sideways and it is a smiling face †¢ Other symbols and numbers are used like &, @, 4, 8. Paragraph 2 †¢ The use of abbreviated and shortened forms of words saves time in texting and also shortens texts to keep mobile bills at a minimum, as seen in transcript 2. People are so fast at texting in abbreviations that the mind boggles at the speed of their thumbs †¢ There is efficiency in the way letters are used, and texters shorten words to a minimum. Paragraph 3 †¢ Inotation is defined as the tone or pitch of the voice in speaking or the way a person is speaking like conveying anger, liveliness, being shy. †¢ Inotation cannot really be well conveyed in texting. †¢ The messages loose the true meaning of the sender like shown in transcript 3. †¢ Sometimes miscommunication happens and feelings are hurt. †¢ It is hard to explain what you are really feeling through texting. When we communicate body language and tone of voice play an important role. †¢ When we try intonating in a text the other person may read something different in the explanation marks you have sent. †¢ Sometimes Imitation in the text can read a double meaning. Paragraph 4 †¢ The use of non standard words in the texting world has become so popular that almost everyone who texts knows the meanings of the abbreviated words. †¢ Also dialect of different places is making its way into texting. †¢ Like we see words such as lush or mint being used in other regions of England. For example in Manchester â€Å"mint† means really good and â€Å"mardy† means moody, in whales â€Å"lush† means very nice and in London â€Å"pukka† means very good. †¢ We see their uses in transcript 4. †¢ The use of slang in texting has also found a place in texting. †¢ To a person who dose not text, the language use must seem foreign. Paragraph 5 †¢ In non standard words a new form of communication has emerged. †¢ For example a text pal is a person that you never talk to or see, but you ju7st text to like a pen pal. Another example is saying things like â€Å"text of the devil† a version of speak of the devil. The way we w ould use these new words can be seen in transcript 5. †¢ A whole new dictionary would have to written just to accommodate all the new words that have sprung up in this new texting age. Paragraph 6 †¢ The use of incomplete sentences or the use of phrases instead of using the proper grammatical sentences is common in texting, †¢ When you use incomplete sentences you fail to express the total meaning. †¢ Shortening of sentence or use of phrases is fine while texting because of maybe, the lack of time or space texting like in transcript 6. †¢ Phrases also are a part of this new language and most teenagers will know hundreds of them. It is like a second language for them. †¢ These are a few popular phrases in texting; BFF (best friends forever), FYI (for your information), IDC (I don’t care), JC (just chilling), GAL (get a life). †¢ We can see how to use a phrase in transcript 7. Paragraph 7 †¢ I think one of the similarities between texting and speech is that we text the way we speak. †¢ We text the words the way they sound, not like the way they are spelt in the dictionary. †¢ We text phonetically. †¢ Spelling goes out of the window. †¢ The content of the text that is written is a different matter. We see that many words are taken out of the sentences to make them shorter and if we read these shortened text messages out loud we would sound like cavemen in cartoons or like Tarzan saying,† me Tarzan, you Jane. †¢ Even I say to my mum SOZ (sorry), LOL (laugh out loud) and CBA (can’t be asked). †¢ My mum is always shouting at me to speak proper English Paragraph 8 †¢ When it comes to actual writing students are using text language instead of proper English in their studies †¢ This is creating problems in our schools, colleges and the workplace †¢ Texting is a distraction and stops you from paying attention to what is happening around you. Students are found textin g in classes instead of paying attention of what is happening in the classroom. †¢ Texting has its negatives but it also has its positives. †¢ It keeps people connected to each other. †¢ Testers are always updating each other of what is going on there and then. †¢ Sometimes it is better to quietly text than to talk in a public place and disturb others. †¢ For every new technology there will always be positives and negatives. †¢ I think there is always a middle way in which we can use texting and not go to the extreme.

Writing an Impressive Nursing Entrance Essay Samples Features

Writing an Impressive Nursing Entrance Essay Samples Features Templates like Descriptive Essay about Office can be helpful for an individual who's planning to pay a visit to an office. It follows the typical introductionbodyconclusion format of the majority of literature. Descriptive Narrative Essay Example may be used mainly to recreate a function. Instance of a brief descriptive paragraph. The Honest to Goodness Truth on Writing an Impressive Nursing Entrance Essay Samples You are able to receive all of such ideas from these types of samples. Another excellent place to look for useful sample papers is on a number of the career sites. This sample demonstrates how just the job is completed. The samples can be retrieved via the download hyperlink button beneath each sample. The bulk of the essay employs standard English and English grammar. While writing from the heart is definitely simpler to do, you can't forget to continue to keep your grammar proper. 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Allow it to sit for a couple days untouched. New Questions Abo ut Writing an Impressive Nursing Entrance Essay Samples Any achievement that's in the nursing field ought to be highlighted with care so it does not come off with brass. Last, the detail of true speech makes the scene pop. The coat hanger comes out of a dumpster. Consult your parents to spell out the rear row to you. How to Choose Writing an Impressive Nursing Entrance Essay Samples All they require is a sort gesture and reassurance, and they'll be useful. The listed are traits that each and every nurse has to be in a place to take decent care of patients. Education has become the most significant factor in the life span of any person. Nurses play a crucial part in the health care examination of patients. The Dirty Facts About Writing an Impressive Nursing Entrance Essay Samples While writing an essay for an english class may appear overwhelming it does not need to be. 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Love for Friends and Love for Lovers Compared in...

In his A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare contrasts the love existing in the relationships of friends and of lovers. Love here does not refer to romantic emotion exclusively; â€Å"love† means connection and empathy with another being. The female relationships in the poem, between Hermia and Helena, and Titania and her fairies, exist with a love based on connections between the females. However, the lovers’ relationships arise from a love produced by desire for another’s differences. The females produce a strong bond with each other that exists to provide the other person with a better version of themselves and protection from destruction. Love can only exist in this relationship because it exists away from outside forces, such as sight.†¦show more content†¦So we grew together/ Like to a double cherry tree, seeming parted/ But yet an union in partition/ Two lovely berries molded on one stem/ So with two seeming bodies but one heart.†(97 ) The love between these women molds them into â€Å"one heart.† Unlike male-female love, this female-female love develops a connection between the two that originates from association rather than longing. Besides a connection between the women, the relationship develops independent of outside forces. In the woods, the help of the fairies resolved the lover’s dispute. However, the female’s argument was never involved in the magic, which symbolizes these â€Å"outside forces†. The lover’s relationship was only able to exist in the woods with the help of magic, but the females’ friendship exists both in a dream and in consciousness. The female friendship is based solely on connection with another being, and exists independent of the senses and society. In the poem Shakespeare portrays both interactions of love through rhyming, between both the lovers and the female friendships. In conversation between Hermia and Lysander, one can see that this rhythmic patter still exists: â€Å"Hermia: Be it so Lysander. Find you out a bed/ For I upon this bank will rest my head. / Lysander: One turf will sere as a pillow for us both/ One heart, one bed, two bosoms, and one troth. / Hermia: Nay, good Lysander.Show MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream830 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream weaves stories of social ranks in the commedia dell’arte and some of its easily recognized stock characters. Shakespeare uses commedia dell’arte characters in A Midsummer Night’s Dream to capture our imagination and amuse us. Commedia dell’arte includes three classes of characters in its performances. These characters are the vecchi, innamorati, and the zanni (McCarter.org). The vecchi are usually the nobility or masters. The vecchi in A Midsummer Night’sRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummers Night s Dream2289 Words   |  10 Pages Love is many things, and is also used as a reference to sight and vision such as blindness. It is much more than aesthetics and wields the power of sight, and can also cause chaos and destruction. Similarly, Shakespeare utilizes two types of blindness by love; the first being physical due to a love potion a fairy king, Oberon orders upon the humans in Shakespeare’s, A Midsummers Night’s Dream. The second, being metaphorical due to Antony’s immense amount of love towards Cleopatra, in which hindersRead MoreWorlds Collide in A Midsummer Night’s Dream1324 Words   |  6 Pages A Midsummer Night’s Dream:nbsp; Worlds Collidenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp; Four worlds collide in a magical woods one night in midsummer in William Shakespeares mystical comedy A Midsummer Night’s Dream. The mythological duke of Athens, on the eve of his wedding to the newly defeated Queen of the Amazons, is called upon by the mortal Egeus to settle a quarrel. Hermia, Egeuss vociferous daughter, refuses to marry the man her father has betrothed to her, theRead MoreInconstant Passion with Consequences Essay1016 Words   |  5 Pagesregarding love and the human heart are often selfish and fickle. For the victims of love, destruction is often inevitable. 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These characteristics include light-hearted and slapstick humor, disguises and deception, and a happy ending in which most of the characters come out satisfied. The light-heartedness of these romantic comedies contrasts sharply with the darker humor and deeper charact erization of Shakespeare’s later plays, bothRead MoreCasting Actors to Play Helena and Hermia from William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream2560 Words   |  11 PagesCasting Actors to Play Helena and Hermia from William Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream A Midsummer Night’s Dream examines the theme of love in all its aspects. When Act one scene One opens we are at the court of Duke Theseus and he is swearing his undying love for Hippolyta so at the very start we are introduced to love and its deep emotional impact. The declaration of love between the Ducal pair is shortened by the arrival of Egeus with his disobedient daughter

The Trafficking Of Human Trafficking - 930 Words

She’s the girl who’s running away from her abusive past, the one who is impoverished and looking for a way to make ends meet, or perhaps, she’s the girl who naively fell in love with the wrong man. Regardless of the reasons, there are nearly 30 million victims of human trafficking globally. There are more slaves now than ever before. Trafficking of persons is not a subject that should be ignored or taken lightly. In order to fully understand the enormity of this crisis, we will examine the root causes, facts, and the impact of human trafficking throughout the world. There are several factors to why human trafficking exists: poverty, governmental instability, natural disasters, addiction, and organized crime are just a few. Although there certainly are men victimized into trafficking (particularly forced labor), women and children are the most vulnerable to trafficking. Generally, those who become prey to traffickers are poor, weak, ill-educated, or isolated woman (3). Some recruiters befriend teens and adults with the intent of exploiting them. Deceived with the promise of a better life, young women travel with them into unknown territories. Once they reach their destination, traffickers burn their passports and immediately force them into sexual labor. Raped and beaten, girls are chained to beds and are repeatedly forced to serve up to forty men a day. In several low income communities, fathers and mothers will sell their children due to an overwhelming amount ofShow MoreRelatedThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking1061 Words   |  5 Pa gesare approximately twenty to thirty million slaves in the world today. Unfortunately due to trafficking being a fast growing crime it is very difficult to identify and locate these organizations and victims. Although there are many groups created to support victims, not enough awareness is being made and not enough action is being applied to stop human trafficking. Sex trafficking is a form of human trafficking that has been a worldwide issue since ancient times, but regularly forgotten, due to it beingRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking886 Words   |  4 Pages(Attention catcher)What if somebody came into your life and guaranteed a better lifestyle, but instead you were enslaved into human trafficking? Human trafficking is when a person is abducted from their current situation and mostly likely used for sex slavery. Furthermore, did you know human trafficking increased over the years? (Listener relevance) Although you may not be as aware in your comfortable surroundings, you should always be aware of suspicious vehicles and people. Even though we enjoyRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking3494 Words   |  14 Pagesended, never to return, they go back and sneak into our communities in severe forms by human trafficking crimes. When humanity eliminated the phenomenon of human slavery, it returned in different pictures and forms, combining them enslaving people, through the recruitment, transportation, transfer of people by force and threat, and using and exploiting them in different ways. Among the victims of human trafficking crimes, there are those who are subjected to sexual exploitation, labor exploitationRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking1287 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Trafficking Human trafficking is the modernized version of slavery that involves force, fraud, and/or a type of labor in a sexual act. The United States government defines it to be â€Å"In which a sex act is forced in which the person induced has not yet been attained eighteen years of age† (National Institute of Justice). Human trafficking is a threat to all nations and promotes breakdown of families and can support organized crime. Trafficking can occur everywhere. Human trafficking and humanRead MoreHuman Trafficking And The Trafficking901 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Smuggling and trafficking continues to be a worldwide plague that has been, thus far been largely ignored by the international community. The paramount reason human trafficking and smuggling has festered and grown roots and spread globally. It started as a grassroots effort on the local level where women and girls (it affects boys as well) would be used and sold for sex. Eventually, greed and corruption tagged along for the ride and at that point the crimes became an organized enterprise. AtRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking Essay1752 Words   |  8 PagesIn this essay, the history of human trafficking will be examined, followed by who is affected by trafficking. Next the scope and types of exploitation will be discussed. Human trafficking is an issue that affects countries all over the world. Governments have made an effort to curb trafficking, however these efforts have been very narrowly focused. American ignorance has led to poor handling of the issues by policy makers. Finally the essay will discuss a proposed solution and set some goals forRead MoreSex Trafficking And Human Trafficking Essay1243 Words   |  5 Pages Human trafficking brings in billions of dollars into the U.S and all around the world. â€Å"The prime motive for such outrageous abuse is simple: money. In this $12 billion global business just one woman trafficked into the industrialized world can net her captors an average $67,000 a year† (Baird 2007). The laws around human trafficking are not strict and vary depending on what country it is happening in. Human trafficking is not something that is strictly foreign, itRead MoreThe Trafficking And Forms Of Human Trafficking Essay1317 Words   |  6 Pages2.1.2 The concept of Human Trafficking and forms of Human Trafficking Human trafficking is a complex phenomenon hence difficult to conceptualize (Maclnnis, 2012). Scholars, nations and international organizations have individually or collectively tried to define human trafficking and, not surprisingly, they disagree with one another. United States (US) for instance does not consider organ trade as human trafficking whereas the United Nations (UN) and Canada do (United States Department of StateRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Sex Trafficking1264 Words   |  6 PagesA challenge that I took interest in is the horrifying problem that women and young girls face as victims of human trafficking and sex slavery. Women and young girls make up 98% of victims of trafficking for exploitation. Human trafficking and sex slavery is a form of modern slavery, in which traffickers profit from the control and exploitation of others. It is a multi-billion industry. Traffickers use control of others for the purpose of engaging in sexual activities and or forcing others to provideRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Human Sex Trafficking1850 Words   |  8 Pagesof human sex trafficking come to one s mind. The United States of America is not immune to this type of horrific behavior. America is the land of the free and yet something as awful as human sex trafficking occurs in our very own backyard each and everyday. According to the Department of Homeland Security the definition of human trafficking is â€Å"modern day slavery that involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act† (â€Å"What Is Human Trafficking?†)

Ancient Greece Free Essays

Ancient Greeks achieved its Golden Age over 2000 years ago and many of its contributions have survived to influence Western Civilization. The Golden Age was a time of peace and prosperity. Western Civilization benefitted from the knowledge passed down from the Ancient Greeks in many diverse areas such as; philosophy, government and science. We will write a custom essay sample on Ancient Greece or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ancient Greece helps Western Civilization build upon the foundations that took root over 2000 years ago. The Ancient Greeks contributed to Western Civilization through philosophy. Socrates was a Greek philosopher who lived from about 470 to roughly 399 B.C. He moved philosophy toward moral excellence and right behavior. Socrates encouraged questioning and analyzing of everything. Ben Franklin stated that one should always question authority and that comes from Socrates teaching (Doc1). Another great philosopher was a student of Socrates. His name was Plato. As Socrates didn’t write anything his contributions were only passed to Western Civilization because of Plato documenting it. Plato lived in Greece too and was another great philosopher who lived from 384-322 B. C. Aristotle was a student of Plato. Aristotle believed that knowledge would separate man from beast. Plato started the Lyceum, which was a school that allowed women. His teachings helped one of the greatest leaders become so powerful and so motivational. Plato taught Alexander the Great. Plato also believed that humans have the ability to think and make decisions (Doc 2). Another long lasting effect that the Ancient Greeks had to Western Civilization was government. Pericles’ Funcial Oration was given to the Athenians in about 430 B. C. The Athenians treated everyone equal under the law as their government was democratic. Athens was ruled by many people and it was encouraged that everybody should participate based on ability not on social status or wealth. They created laws which the Athenian people respected that kept them from doing wrong and protected those who have done wrong. This is very similar to the United States government. It states in the Declaration of Independence that â€Å"every man shall be treated equal† (Doc 3). In the play â€Å"Antigone† by Sophocles written in about 422 B. C. it describes the limit of the government in Greece. Antigone was a strong woman who believed she deserved individual civil rights. Antigone made clear that no mortal man should be able to take away gods’ unwritten and unfailing laws. The government had King Creon as king at the time who tried to deny the people of Greece their individual civil rights without fair justice. Government was a contribution that the ancient Greeks have to western civilization (Doc 5). Science has evolved over time but can be traced back to ancient Greece. Hippocrates was the creator of the Hippocratic Oath who lived from about 460 to 377 B.C. After thousands of years the Hippocratic Oath is still taken today by medical doctors. Hippocrates promised that he would do no harm and would take care of his patients to the best of his abilities. He also states that he would not give a deadly drug or suggest the drug. Hippocrates is also named â€Å"the father of medicine. † Many people in Hippocrates life time believed that if they were sick it was because of the gods, but he said that disease and sickness was caused by natural incidents not supernatural or the gods (Doc 4). The ancient Greeks made many lasting contributions to Western Civilizations. The ancient Greeks contributions have survived the test of time. The Greek culture has had a very profound impact on the way people live now. These impacts happened in a time of peace and prosperity. The achievements the ancient Greeks made have had a positive affect on the Western Civilization. Ancient Greeks have influenced areas such as philosophy, government and science. How to cite Ancient Greece, Papers

New Deal DBQ free essay sample

The 1929 stock-market crash and the ensuing Great Depression exposed major weaknesses in the U.S. and world economies. These ranged from chronically low farm prices and uneven income distribution to trade barriers, a surplus of consumer goods, and a constricted money supply. As the crisis deepened, President Hoover struggled to respond. In 1932, with Hoovers reputation in tatters, FDR and his promised â€Å"New Deal brought a surge of hope. Although FDRs New Deal did not end the Great Depression it eased the people’s suffering and reformed many of the problems that contributed to the depression by providing relief, recovery, and reform while fundamentally changing the role of the federal government towards the people. First, the conditions under Hoover need to be examined, as seen from the point of view of The New Masses, a Marxist publication, in which Meridel Lesueur criticizes the Hoover administrations lackluster response in helping not only men, but mostly in helping women as a whole, noting that there were many women out of work who were discriminated against by the male population in the midst of the crisis (Document A). Critics could dismiss this because of the source, a Marxist publication, but they cannot dismiss statistics, like those shown in Document J, which shows the overall unemployment rates of non-farm workers from 1920 until 1945, with the peak of the unemployment following the crash, and only beginning to fall after Hoovers leave from office and the initiation of the New Deal (Document J). The effectiveness of the New Deal must be weighed with the economic and political environment of the Roosevelt Administration. Under Roosevelt, the New Deal was formed, and unemployment dropped from nearly 40% unemployment to 25% unemployment from 1933 to 1937 (Document J). If this doesnt show how effective the New Deal was, then nothing does. The effectiveness of the New Deal goes beyond lowering unemployment by half. It also goes further, removing obstacles of the common man to organize for self-protection, creating Social Security to benefit all Americans, and helping to ease race tensions for the first time since Reconstruction. The right to organize for self-protection, for the working man to form a Union to protect their rights, was restricted to the point of nonexistence in the anti-worker, pro-business administrations of the Republican-held 1920s. To remedy this, and to increase support among the working man and help to relieve workers, Congress passed the National Labor Relations Act, or the Wagner Act. This gave Unions the legal right to exist for the first time in American history, after decades of labor strife and government support of big business under Republican presidents. John L. Lewis, labor leader and supporter of Roosevelt, gave an address on NBC, defending the act and the rights of workers to organize in 1936, saying,Huge corporations, such as United States Steel and General Motors†¦have no right to transgress the law which gives the workers the right of self-organization and collective bargaining. (Document G) While the Wagner Act addressed labor strife and allowed for the common man to have a real voice in the marketplace as well as the ballot box for the first time, other effects of the New Deal and its effectiveness are still seen today. A noted one is Social Security, established during Roosevelts second term. Social Security, which provides old age pensions for the elderly, remains an effective and useful program to this day; despite the problems it has because of population growth and the raiding of the trust fund to finance things it wasnt meant to finance. The premise of the plan and program itself can be seen in Document E, which gives information on the program after it was first established (Document E). Originally, the program was created to bring the elderly out of poverty, of which it did easily, bringing millions of the elderly out of poverty and further showing the effectiveness of the New Deal. The New Deal, in many cases, was rather socially progressive as well as economically progressive. African Americans, which had been hurt by the Depression and made scapegoats by many, were among the hardest hit by the Depression, finding themselves now out of work and the possibility of being at the wrong end of a noose if they were singled out by the Ku Klux Klan in the Southern states. The New Deal began to remedy this in ways not yet seen in American society, ones that would later give way to the Civil Rights movement of the 1950s. African American workers were now given jobs alongside white workers all over the nation by the new relief programs established by the New Deal. In an editorial in The Crisis, the NAACPs official publication, an author notes that †¦For the first time in their lives, government has taken on a meaning and substance for the Negro masses†¦ (Document I). The New Deal didnt only stop there in terms of effectiveness, though, as can be seen in Document H, which shows that among the things done under the New Deal to combat poverty and eliminate unemployment, the government itself had been revitalized, and the American people had a real trust in government, following years of corruption under Republican rule (Document H). Critics of the New Deal need look no further to assess the effectiveness of the New Deal but to look to society at present, a society in which workers can freely organize and move for better working conditions, a society in which the elderly dont have to fear poverty because of a lack of an ability to work, and a society in which civil and equal rights are protected by our government.